Also check out the rugged box.
 

Filament samples with a box with space for 30 pcs.
One sample in PLA with standard settings for Prusa takes about 20 minutes to print.
The box took me a little more than 5 hours.

Three fields that are 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0 mm thick.
One larger field for own text such as brand, colour etc.

There's text in the lower left corner stating the type of filament.
PLA, HTPLA, PETG, PET, PETT, ABS, HIPS, Wood, Metal, Flex and Nylon.
If you're missing your type, let me know in the comments.

UPDATE 2019-09-28:
Added Box bottom v2 - Made to fit a lid/top
Added Box top with text "Filament"
Added Box top with text "Filament - PLA"
Added Box top with text "Filament - PETG"

UPDATE 2019-10-18:
Added filament types LDPE, HDPE and PP.

UPDATE 2021-05-25:
Added requested filament types PC, ASA, Carbon and Stone.

UPDATE 2023-06-06
Added filament types PC/ABS FR in two variants (smaller text and two rows), PETG CF, PC CF and PET CF.
Organized the files into folders.
Renamed files for easier identification.

UPDATE 2023-09-28
Added filament type PLA CF.

Addons and remixes:

Availability marker by @Prokop
A lot of extra, remixed samples by @seemomster

Print instructions

Print Settings

Rafts: No
Supports: No
Resolution: 0.2
Infill: 15%